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<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Utilities</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="attributes.html" title="cpp/language/attributes"> Attributes</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Types</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="typedef.html" title="cpp/language/typedef"> <code>typedef</code> declaration</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="type_alias.html" title="cpp/language/type alias"> Type alias declaration</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Casts</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit conversion"> Implicit conversions</a> - <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast"> Explicit conversions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast"><tt>static_cast</tt></a> - <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast"><tt>dynamic_cast</tt></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"><tt>const_cast</tt></a> - <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"><tt>reinterpret_cast</tt></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Memory allocation</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new"> <code>new</code> expression</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete"> <code>delete</code> expression</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> <a href="classes.html" title="cpp/language/classes"> Classes</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class.html" title="cpp/language/class"> Class declaration</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initializer_list.html" title="cpp/language/constructor"> Constructors</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="this.html" title="cpp/language/this"> <code>this</code> pointer</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="access.html" title="cpp/language/access"> Access specifiers</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="friend.html" title="cpp/language/friend"> <code>friend</code> specifier</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Class-specific function properties</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="virtual.html" title="cpp/language/virtual"> Virtual function</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="override.html" title="cpp/language/override"> <code>override</code> specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="final.html" title="cpp/language/final"> <code>final</code> specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="explicit.html" title="cpp/language/explicit"><tt>explicit</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static.html" title="cpp/language/static"><tt>static</tt></a> </td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Special member functions</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="default_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/default constructor"> Default constructor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="copy_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/copy constructor"> Copy constructor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="move_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/move constructor"> Move constructor</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="as_operator.html" title="cpp/language/as operator" class="mw-redirect"> Copy assignment</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="move_operator.html" title="cpp/language/move operator" class="mw-redirect"> Move assignment</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="destructor.html" title="cpp/language/destructor"> Destructor</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"><a href="templates.html" title="cpp/language/templates"> Templates</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class_template.html" title="cpp/language/class template"> Class template </a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="function_template.html" title="cpp/language/function template"> Function template </a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="template_specialization.html" title="cpp/language/template specialization"> Template specialization</a></td></tr>   
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="parameter_pack.html" title="cpp/language/parameter pack"> Parameter packs</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Miscellaneous </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="asm.html" title="cpp/language/asm"> Inline assembly</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="history.html" title="cpp/language/history"> History of C++</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="initialization.html" title="cpp/language/initialization"> Initialization</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div style="display:inline-block">
<div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initialization.html" title="cpp/language/initialization"> Initializer </a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="default_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/default initialization"> Default initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="value_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/value initialization"> Value initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="direct_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/direct initialization"> Direct initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="copy_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/copy initialization">Copy initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink">List initialization</strong> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="aggregate_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/aggregate initialization">Aggregate initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="reference_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/reference initialization">Reference initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="copy_elision.html" title="cpp/language/copy elision">Copy elision</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initialization.html#Static_initialization" title="cpp/language/initialization"> Static initialization </a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="zero_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/zero initialization">Zero initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="constant_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/constant initialization">Constant initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initialization.html#Dynamic_initialization" title="cpp/language/initialization"> Dynamic non-local initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initialization.html#Dynamic_initialization" title="cpp/language/initialization"> Ordered dynamic initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initialization.html#Dynamic_initialization" title="cpp/language/initialization">Unordered dynamic initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Class member initialization </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initializer_list.html" title="cpp/language/initializer list" class="mw-redirect">Member initializer list</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="data_members.html#Member_initialization" title="cpp/language/data members">Default member initializer</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>Initializes an object from <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Direct-list-initialization">Direct-list-initialization</span></h4>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">

<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">T object</span> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">arg1, arg2, ...</span> <code><b>};</b></code>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">T</span> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">arg1, arg2, ...</span> <code><b>}</b></code>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>new</b></code> <span class="t-spar">T</span> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">arg1, arg2, ...</span> <code><b>}</b></code>
</td>
<td> (3)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">Class</span> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">T member</span> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">arg1, arg2, ...</span> <code><b>}; };</b></code>
</td>
<td> (4)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">Class</span><code><b>::</b></code><span class="t-spar">Class</span><code><b>() :</b></code> <span class="t-spar">member</span> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">arg1, arg2, ...</span> <code><b>} {...</b></code>
</td>
<td> (5)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Copy-list-initialization">Copy-list-initialization</span></h4>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">

<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">T object</span> <code><b>= {</b></code> <span class="t-spar">arg1, arg2, ...</span> <code><b>};</b></code>
</td>
<td> (6)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">function</span> <code><b>({</b></code> <span class="t-spar">arg1, arg2, ...</span> <code><b>})</b></code>
</td>
<td> (7)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>return {</b></code> <span class="t-spar">arg1, arg2, ...</span> <code><b>};</b></code>
</td>
<td> (8)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">object</span> <code><b>[{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">arg1, arg2, ...</span> <code><b>}]</b></code>
</td>
<td> (9)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">object</span> <code><b>= {</b></code> <span class="t-spar">arg1, arg2, ...</span> <code><b>}</b></code>
</td>
<td> (10)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">U</span> <code><b>({</b></code> <span class="t-spar">arg1, arg2, ...</span> <code><b>})</b></code>
</td>
<td> (11)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">Class</span> <code><b>{</b></code> <span class="t-spar">T member</span> <code><b>= {</b></code> <span class="t-spar">arg1, arg2, ...</span> <code><b>}; };</b></code>
</td>
<td> (12)
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<p>List initialization is performed in the following situations:
</p>
<ul><li> direct-list-initialization (both explicit and non-explicit constructors are considered)
</li></ul>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> initialization of a named variable with a <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> (that is, a possibly empty brace-enclosed list of expressions or nested braced-init-lists)</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> initialization of an unnamed temporary with a <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> initialization of an object with dynamic storage duration with a <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new">new-expression</a>, where the initializer is a <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> in a non-static <a href="data_members.html#Member_initialization" title="cpp/language/data members">data member initializer</a> that does not use the equals sign</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">5)</span> in a <a href="initializer_list.html" title="cpp/language/initializer list" class="mw-redirect">member initializer list</a> of a constructor if <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> is used</div>
<ul><li> copy-list-initialization (both explicit and non-explicit constructors are considered, but only non-explicit constructors may be called)
</li></ul>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">6)</span> initialization of a named variable with a <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> after an equals sign</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">7)</span> in a function call expression, with <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> used as an argument and list-initialization initializes the function parameter</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">8)</span> in a <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">return</span></span></span> statement with <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> used as the return expression and list-initialization initializes the returned object</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">9)</span> in a <a href="operator_member_access.html#Built-in_subscript_operator" title="cpp/language/operator member access">subscript expression</a> with a user-defined <code>operator[]</code>, where list-initialization initializes the parameter of the overloaded operator</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">10)</span> in an <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="cpp/language/operator assignment">assignment expression</a>, where list-initialization initializes the parameter of the overloaded operator</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">11)</span> <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">functional cast expression</a> or other constructor invocations, where <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> is used in place of a constructor argument. Copy-list-initialization initializes the constructor's parameter (note; the type U in this example is not the type that's being list-initialized; U's constructor's parameter is)</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">12)</span> in a non-static <a href="data_members.html#Member_initialization" title="cpp/language/data members">data member initializer</a> that uses the equals sign</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<p>The effects of list-initialization of an object of type <code>T</code> are:
</p>
<ul><li> If <code>T</code> is an aggregate class and the <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> has a single element of the same or derived type (possibly cv-qualified), the object is initialized from that element (by <a href="copy_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/copy initialization">copy-initialization</a> for copy-list-initialization, or by <a href="direct_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/direct initialization">direct-initialization</a> for direct-list-initialization).
</li><li> Otherwise, if <code>T</code> is a character array and the <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> has a single element that is an appropriately-typed string literal, the array is  <a href="aggregate_initialization.html#Character_arrays" title="cpp/language/aggregate initialization">initialized from the string literal as usual</a>.
</li></ul>
<ul><li> Otherwise, if <code>T</code> is an <a href="aggregate_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/aggregate initialization">aggregate type</a>, <a href="aggregate_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/aggregate initialization">aggregate initialization</a> is performed.
</li></ul>
<ul><li> Otherwise, if the <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> is empty and <code>T</code> is a class type with a default constructor, <a href="value_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/value initialization">value-initialization</a> is performed.
</li></ul>
<ul><li> Otherwise, if <code>T</code> is a specialization of <span class="t-lc"><a href="../utility/initializer_list.html" title="cpp/utility/initializer list">std::initializer_list</a></span>, the <code>T</code> object is direct-initialized or copy-initialized, depending on context, from <span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx17"><span>a prvalue of the same type initialized from</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(until C++17)</span></span></span> the <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span>.
</li></ul>
<ul><li> Otherwise, the constructors of <code>T</code> are considered, in two phases:
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> All constructors that take <span class="t-lc"><a href="../utility/initializer_list.html" title="cpp/utility/initializer list">std::initializer_list</a></span> as the only argument, or as the first argument if the remaining arguments have default values, are examined, and matched by <a href="overload_resolution.html" title="cpp/language/overload resolution">overload resolution</a> against a single argument of type <span class="t-lc"><a href="../utility/initializer_list.html" title="cpp/utility/initializer list">std::initializer_list</a></span>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> If the previous stage does not produce a match, all constructors of <code>T</code> participate in <a href="overload_resolution.html#Implicit_conversion_sequence_in_list-initialization" title="cpp/language/overload resolution">overload resolution</a> against the set of arguments that consists of the elements of the <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span>, with the restriction that only non-narrowing conversions are allowed. If this stage produces an explicit constructor as the best match for a copy-list-initialization, compilation fails (note, in simple copy-initialization, explicit constructors are not considered at all).
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx17"><td>
<ul><li> Otherwise, if：
<ul><li> <code>T</code> is an <a href="enum_class.html" title="cpp/language/enum">enumeration type</a> that with fixed underlying type <code>U</code> (which is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span> if the enumeration is scoped and its underlying type is not manually specified), and
</li><li> the initialization is direct-list-initialization, and
</li><li> the <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> has only one initializer <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">v</span></span> that is implicitly convertible to <code>U</code>, and
</li><li> the conversion from <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">v</span></span> to <code>U</code> is non-narrowing,
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<dl><dd> then the enumeration is initialized with the result of converting <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">v</span></span> to <code>U</code>.
</dd></dl>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(since C++17)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<ul><li> Otherwise (if <code>T</code> is not a class type), if the <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> has only one element and either <code>T</code> is not a reference type or is a reference type whose referenced type is same as or is a base class of the type of the element, <code>T</code> is <a href="direct_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/direct initialization">direct-initialized</a> (in direct-list-initialization) or <a href="copy_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/copy initialization">copy-initialized</a> (in copy-list-initialization), except that narrowing conversions are not allowed.
</li></ul>
<ul><li> Otherwise, if <code>T</code> is a reference type that is not compatible with the type of the element:
</li></ul>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-until-cxx17"><td>
<dl><dd><ul><li> a prvalue temporary of the type referenced by <code>T</code> is copy-list-initialized, and the reference is bound to that temporary (this fails if the reference is a non-const lvalue reference).
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(until C++17)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx17"><td>
<dl><dd><ul><li> a prvalue is generated. The prvalue initializes its result object by copy-list-initialization. The prvalue is then used to direct-initialize the reference (this fails if the reference is a non-const lvalue reference). The type of the temporary is the type referenced by <code>T</code><span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx20"><span>, unless <code>T</code> is “reference to array of unknown bound of <code>U</code>”, in which case the type of the temporary is the type of <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">x</span></span> in the declaration <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">U x<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span> H</span></span>, where <code>H</code> is the initializer list</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(since C++20)</span></span></span>.
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(since C++17)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<ul><li> Otherwise, if the <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> has no elements, <code>T</code> is <a href="value_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/value initialization">value-initialized</a>.
</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Narrowing_conversions">Narrowing conversions</span></h3>
<p>List-initialization limits the allowed <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit conversion">implicit conversions</a> by prohibiting the following:
</p>
<ul><li> conversion from a floating-point type to an integer type
</li></ul>
<ul><li> conversion from a <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span></span></span> to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">double</span></span></span> or to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">float</span></span></span> and conversion from <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">double</span></span></span> to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">float</span></span></span>, except where the source is a <a href="constant_expression.html" title="cpp/language/constant expression">constant expression</a> and overflow does not occur
</li></ul>
<ul><li> conversion from an integer type to a floating-point type, except where the source is a constant expression whose value can be stored exactly in the target type
</li></ul>
<ul><li> conversion from integer or unscoped enumeration type to integer type that cannot represent all values of the original, except where source is a constant expression whose value can be stored exactly in the target type
</li></ul>
<ul><li> conversion from a pointer type or pointer-to-member type to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span>
</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Every initializer clause is <a href="eval_order.html" title="cpp/language/eval order">sequenced before</a> any initializer clause that follows it in the <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span>. This is in contrast with the arguments of a <a href="operator_other.html#Built-in_function_call_operator" title="cpp/language/operator other">function call expression</a>, which are <span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx17"><span><a href="eval_order.html" title="cpp/language/eval order">unsequenced</a></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(until C++17)</span></span></span><span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx17"><span><a href="eval_order.html" title="cpp/language/eval order">indeterminately sequenced</a></span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(since C++17)</span></span></span>.
</p><p>A <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> is not an expression and therefore has no type, e.g. <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">decltype<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">1</span>,<span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> is ill-formed. Having no type implies that template type deduction cannot deduce a type that matches a <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span>, so given the declaration <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw1">class</span> T<span class="sy1">&gt;</span> <span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> the expression <span class="t-lc">f({1,2,3})</span> is ill-formed. However, the template parameter can otherwise be deduced, as is the case for <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1272">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span> v<span class="br0">(</span><a href="../iterator/istream_iterator.html"><span class="kw670">std::<span class="me2">istream_iterator</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../io/cin.html"><span class="kw1760">std::<span class="me2">cin</span></span></a><span class="br0">)</span>, <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, where the iterator type is deduced by the first argument but also used in the second parameter position. A special exception is made for <a href="template_argument_deduction.html#Other_contexts" title="cpp/language/template argument deduction">type deduction using the keyword <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> </a>, which deduces any <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> as <span class="t-lc"><a href="../utility/initializer_list.html" title="cpp/utility/initializer list">std::initializer_list</a></span> in copy-list-initialization.
</p><p>Also because a <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> has no type, <a href="overload_resolution.html#Implicit_conversion_sequence_in_list-initialization" title="cpp/language/overload resolution">special rules for overload resolution</a> apply when it is used as an argument to an overloaded function call.
</p><p>Aggregates copy/move initialize directly from single-element <span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> of the same type, but non-aggregates consider initializer_list constructors first:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> X <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// aggregate</span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> Q     <span class="co1">// non-aggregate</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    Q<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">default</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    Q<span class="br0">(</span>Q <span class="kw4">const</span><span class="sy3">&amp;</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw1">default</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    Q<span class="br0">(</span><a href="../utility/initializer_list.html"><span class="kw961">std::<span class="me2">initializer_list</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span>Q<span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    X x<span class="sy4">;</span>
    X x2 <span class="sy1">=</span> X<span class="br0">{</span>x<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// copy-constructor (not aggregate initialization)</span>
 
    Q q<span class="sy4">;</span>
    Q q2 <span class="sy1">=</span> Q<span class="br0">{</span>q<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// initializer-list constructor (not copy constructor)</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Some compilers (e.g., gcc 10) only consider conversion from a pointer or a pointer-to-member to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span> narrowing in C++20 mode.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include &lt;iostream&gt;</span>
<span class="co2">#include &lt;vector&gt;</span>
<span class="co2">#include &lt;map&gt;</span>
<span class="co2">#include &lt;string&gt;</span>
 
<span class="kw1">struct</span> Foo
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1272">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span> mem <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="nu0">2</span>, <span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// list-initialization of a non-static member</span>
    <a href="../container/vector.html"><span class="kw1272">std::<span class="me2">vector</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span> mem2<span class="sy4">;</span>
 
    Foo<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> mem2<span class="br0">{</span><span class="sy2">-</span><span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="nu0">2</span>, <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">}</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// list-initialization of a member in constructor</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<a href="../utility/pair.html"><span class="kw1099">std::<span class="me2">pair</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1233">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a>, <a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1233">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&gt;</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><a href="../utility/pair.html"><span class="kw1099">std::<span class="me2">pair</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1233">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a>, <a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1233">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&gt;</span> p<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="br0">{</span>p.<span class="me1">second</span>, p.<span class="me1">first</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// list-initialization in return statement</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> n0<span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>  <span class="co1">// value-initialization (to zero)</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> n1<span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// direct-list-initialization</span>
 
    <a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1233">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a> s1<span class="br0">{</span><span class="st0">'a'</span>, <span class="st0">'b'</span>, <span class="st0">'c'</span>, <span class="st0">'d'</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// initializer-list constructor call</span>
    <a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1233">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a> s2<span class="br0">{</span>s1, <span class="nu0">2</span>, <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>           <span class="co1">// regular constructor call</span>
    <a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1233">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a> s3<span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu12">0x61</span>, <span class="st0">'a'</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// initializer-list ctor is preferred to (int, char)</span>
 
    <span class="kw4">int</span> n2 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// copy-list-initialization</span>
    <span class="kw4">double</span> d <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu16">1.2</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// list-initialization of a prvalue, then copy-init</span>
    <span class="kw4">auto</span> s4 <span class="sy1">=</span> <a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1233">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="br0">{</span><span class="st0">"HelloWorld"</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// same as above, no temporary created since C++17</span>
 
    <a href="../container/map.html"><span class="kw1284">std::<span class="me2">map</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&lt;</span><span class="kw4">int</span>, <a href="../string/basic_string.html"><span class="kw1233">std::<span class="me2">string</span></span></a><span class="sy1">&gt;</span> m <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="co1">// nested list-initialization</span>
    <span class="br0">{</span>
        <span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="st0">"a"</span><span class="br0">}</span>,
        <span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">2</span>, <span class="br0">{</span><span class="st0">'a'</span>, <span class="st0">'b'</span>, <span class="st0">'c'</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="br0">}</span>,
        <span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">3</span>, s1<span class="br0">}</span>
    <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
    <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">{</span><span class="st0">"hello"</span>, <span class="st0">"world"</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="br0">)</span>.<span class="me1">first</span> <span class="co1">// list-initialization in function call</span>
              <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
    <span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy3">&amp;</span>ar<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// binds a lvalue reference to a temporary array</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="sy3">&amp;&amp;</span> r1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// binds a rvalue reference to a temporary int</span>
<span class="co1">//  int&amp; r2 = {2}; // error: cannot bind rvalue to a non-const lvalue ref</span>
 
<span class="co1">//  int bad{1.0}; // error: narrowing conversion</span>
    <span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> uc1<span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">10</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// okay</span>
<span class="co1">//  unsigned char uc2{-1}; // error: narrowing conversion</span>
 
    Foo f<span class="sy4">;</span>
 
    <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> n0 <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">' '</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> n1 <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">' '</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> n2 <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span>
              <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> s1 <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">' '</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> s2 <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">' '</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> s3 <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="kw1">for</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">auto</span> p<span class="sy4">:</span> m<span class="br0">)</span>
        <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> p.<span class="me1">first</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">' '</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> p.<span class="me1">second</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="kw1">for</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">auto</span> n<span class="sy4">:</span> f.<span class="me1">mem</span><span class="br0">)</span>
        <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> n <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">' '</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="kw1">for</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">auto</span> n<span class="sy4">:</span> f.<span class="me1">mem2</span><span class="br0">)</span>
        <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> n <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">' '</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">world
0 1 1
abcd cd aa
1 a
2 abc
3 abcd
1 2 3 -1 -2 -3</pre></div></div> 
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Defect_reports">Defect reports</span></h3>
<p>The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.
</p>
<table class="dsctable" style="font-size:0.8em">
<tr>
<th> DR
</th>
<th> Applied to
</th>
<th> Behavior as published
</th>
<th> Correct behavior
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/1288.html">CWG 1288</a>
</td>
<td> C++11
</td>
<td> list-initializing a reference with a single-element<br><span class="t-spar">braced-init-list</span> always bound the reference to a temporary
</td>
<td> bind to that<br>element if valid
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/1324.html">CWG 1324</a>
</td>
<td> C++11
</td>
<td> initialization considered first for initialization from <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> aggregate initialization<br>considered first
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/1467.html">CWG 1467</a>
</td>
<td> C++11
</td>
<td> same-type initialization of aggregates and character<br>arrays was prohibited; initializer-list constructors had<br>priority over copy constructors for single-element lists
</td>
<td> same-type initialization<br>allowed; single-element<br>lists initialize directly
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/1494.html">CWG 1494</a>
</td>
<td> C++11
</td>
<td> when list-initializing a reference with an element of an<br>incompatible type, it was unspecified whether the temporary<br>created is direct-list-initialized or copy-list-initialized
</td>
<td> it depends on the<br>kind of initialization<br>for the reference
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/2137.html">CWG 2137</a>
</td>
<td> C++11
</td>
<td> initializer-list constructors lost to copy<br>constructors when list-initializing X from <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">{</span>X<span class="br0">}</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> non-aggregates consider<br>initializer-lists first
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/2267.html">CWG 2267</a>
</td>
<td> C++11
</td>
<td> the resolution of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/1494.html">CWG issue 1494</a> made clear<br>that temporaries could be direct-list-initialized
</td>
<td> they are copy-list-initialized<br>when list-initializing references
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cplusplus.github.io/CWG/issues/2374.html">CWG 2374</a>
</td>
<td> C++17
</td>
<td> direct-list-initialization of an enum allowed too many source types
</td>
<td> restricted
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/P1957R2">P1957R2</a>
</td>
<td> C++11
</td>
<td> conversion from a pointer/pointer-to<br>-member to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span> was not narrowing
</td>
<td> made narrowing
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<ul><li> <a href="initializer_list.html" title="cpp/language/constructor">constructor</a>
</li><li> <a href="converting_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/converting constructor">converting constructor</a>
</li><li> <a href="as_operator.html" title="cpp/language/copy assignment">copy assignment</a>
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